# migrations

dir: embeddings_queue
filename: 00001-embeddings.sqlite.sql
hash: d3755dfd232be8e8301f4d7fcfb3a486
sql:
CREATE TABLE embeddings_queue (
    seq_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
    created_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    operation INTEGER NOT NULL,
    topic TEXT NOT NULL,
    id TEXT NOT NULL,
    vector BLOB,
    encoding TEXT,
    metadata TEXT
);


dir: sysdb
filename: 00001-collections.sqlite.sql
hash: 38352d725ad1c16074fac420b22b4633
sql:
CREATE TABLE collections (
    id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
    name TEXT NOT NULL,
    topic TEXT NOT NULL,
    UNIQUE (name)
);

CREATE TABLE collection_metadata (
    collection_id TEXT REFERENCES collections(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    key TEXT NOT NULL,
    str_value TEXT,
    int_value INTEGER,
    float_value REAL,
    PRIMARY KEY (collection_id, key)
);


dir: sysdb
filename: 00002-segments.sqlite.sql
hash: 2913cb6a503055a95f625448037e8912
sql:
CREATE TABLE segments (
    id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
    type TEXT NOT NULL,
    scope TEXT NOT NULL,
    topic TEXT,
    collection TEXT REFERENCES collection(id)
);

CREATE TABLE segment_metadata (
    segment_id TEXT  REFERENCES segments(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    key TEXT NOT NULL,
    str_value TEXT,
    int_value INTEGER,
    float_value REAL,
    PRIMARY KEY (segment_id, key)
);


dir: sysdb
filename: 00004-tenants-databases.sqlite.sql
hash: 048867ce8fcdefe4023c7110e4433591
sql:
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tenants (
    id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
    UNIQUE (id)
);

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS databases (
    id TEXT PRIMARY KEY, -- unique globally
    name TEXT NOT NULL, -- unique per tenant
    tenant_id TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES tenants(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    UNIQUE (tenant_id, name) -- Ensure that a tenant has only one database with a given name
);

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS collections_tmp (
    id TEXT PRIMARY KEY, -- unique globally
    name TEXT NOT NULL, -- unique per database
    topic TEXT NOT NULL,
    dimension INTEGER,
    database_id TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES databases(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
    UNIQUE (name, database_id)
);

-- Create default tenant and database
INSERT OR REPLACE INTO tenants (id) VALUES ('default_tenant'); -- The default tenant id is 'default_tenant' others are UUIDs
INSERT OR REPLACE INTO databases (id, name, tenant_id) VALUES ('00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000', 'default_database', 'default_tenant');

INSERT OR REPLACE INTO collections_tmp (id, name, topic, dimension, database_id)
    SELECT id, name, topic, dimension, '00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000' FROM collections;
DROP TABLE collections;
ALTER TABLE collections_tmp RENAME TO collections;


dir: metadb
filename: 00001-embedding-metadata.sqlite.sql
hash: 2b4cf52c4bb2676e21d6860a4409f856
sql:
CREATE TABLE embeddings (
    id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
    segment_id TEXT NOT NULL,
    embedding_id TEXT NOT NULL,
    seq_id BLOB NOT NULL,
    created_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    UNIQUE (segment_id, embedding_id)
);

CREATE TABLE embedding_metadata (
    id INTEGER REFERENCES embeddings(id),
    key TEXT NOT NULL,
    string_value TEXT,
    int_value INTEGER,
    float_value REAL,
    PRIMARY KEY (id, key)
);

CREATE TABLE max_seq_id (
    segment_id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
    seq_id BLOB NOT NULL
);

CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE embedding_fulltext USING fts5(id, string_value);


dir: metadb
filename: 00002-embedding-metadata.sqlite.sql
hash: 12a570f7121b3a8ce750a2a7c36da20f
sql:
-- SQLite does not support adding check with alter table, as a result, adding a check
-- involve creating a new table and copying the data over. It is over kill with adding
-- a boolean type column. The application write to the table needs to ensure the data
-- integrity.
ALTER TABLE embedding_metadata ADD COLUMN bool_value INTEGER


dir: metadb
filename: 00003-full-text-tokenize.sqlite.sql
hash: f97ad6334aeaa8f419f01110b648b97a
sql:
CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE embedding_fulltext_search USING fts5(string_value, tokenize='trigram');
INSERT INTO embedding_fulltext_search (rowid, string_value) SELECT rowid, string_value FROM embedding_metadata;
DROP TABLE embedding_fulltext;


# embeddings_queue

created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: 3d330c64-a771-454e-93ca-424d14eb3dda
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 0, "chroma:document": "1\nPOLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL  \nREFORM COMMITTEE  \nTHE UK CONSTITUTION\nA summary, with options for reform  \nMARCH 2015"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: d32b1884-a5dd-48b2-aaaa-d79845772288
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 1, "chroma:document": "2\nCHAIR\u2019S FOREWORD\nParliament, through the Political and Constitutional Reform Select \nCommittee of the House of Commons, has spent the full fixed five-\nyear term of the 2010 Parliament looking at the path to possible \ncodification of the United Kingdom\u2019s constitution. In a unique collaboration with a team from the Centre for Constitutional and Political Studies at King\u2019s College London, led by Professor Robert \nBlackburn, we published \u2018A new Magna Carta?\u2019\n1, a seminal and"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: 44a2ff82-f3dc-4dd5-9b8c-8f85fd759a03
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 1, "chroma:document": "Blackburn, we published \u2018A new Magna Carta?\u2019\n1, a seminal and \ncomprehensive work offering three options for codification. \u00a0\u00a0\nWe then embarked upon an  \nunprecedented public consultation.  \nWhile the responses to the consultation  \nbroadly favoured a written constitution,  they also raised many views and options  \non what should be its content. We make \n no pretence that there is a consensus  view either among the public or the  \ncommittee. Instead, we feel the debate  \nand discussion should go on."}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: 934a39b8-9562-423c-ae73-51fa10cc6af5
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 1, "chroma:document": "and discussion should go on. \nTherefore what follows is a further draft of  \na much simplified, popular version. It  \ncontains \u2013 in black text \u2013 a brief description  \nof our current constitutional arrangements  \nand reference to the relevant sections of  \nthe third blueprint published in \u2018A new  \nMagna Carta?\u2019 and \u2013 set out separately  \nto facilitate comparisons \u2013 a number of  \noptions which emerged from the  \nconsultation. These options are illustrative  \nand not exclusive. They are designed to"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: a343995a-dee6-4ece-b682-94d3a6001f94
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 1, "chroma:document": "and not exclusive. They are designed to  \ninitiate further discussion, and perhaps  \nfierce argument, to inform the 2015\n1  Second Report of the Political and Constitutional Reform Committee, Session 2014-15, A new Magna \nCarta?, HC 463 general election campaign and to continue \nto the end of the year of the 800th \nanniversary of Magna Carta, into a possible \nconstitutional convention and beyond. \nA refreshed Parliament will collate your \nfurther ideas on a codified constitution"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: 0310bffb-b5da-4238-9d0d-1d229b80521f
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 1, "chroma:document": "further ideas on a codified constitution \nand, when our political leaders are ready, \nthey will have a ready-crafted document and set of responses to help them to deliver \nto the British people - should they wish it - \na codified constitution of their choice. \nGraham Allen MP \nChair of the Political and Constitutional Reform Select Committee \nSend your response, comments and \ncontributions on the debate to  \npcrc@parliament.uk, contribute \nto the debate on social media using"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: 7a3c9a1a-d653-4e99-b154-2dbc3f90ef78
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 1, "chroma:document": "to the debate on social media using \n#UKconstitution or complete our online \nsurvey at http://www.smartsurvey.\nco.uk/s/150290KVDWR."}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: 0ebd4184-91a5-4c71-9018-60aedc5c69bd
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 2, "chroma:document": "3\nPREAMBLE2\nUnited, we stand in celebration  \nof the diverse voices that  \nmake up the great chorus of  \nour nation. Confident in our  individuality, and steadfast in  our shared values and common  \npurpose, we\u2014the citizens of the  \nUnited Kingdom of Great Britain  and Northern Ireland\u2014have  come together in the spirit of  \nself-determination in order to  \nestablish the principles of our  law and governance.\u00a0\u00a0\nBy this act, we create for ourselves a  \nsovereign state, animated by many"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: 7b51912c-e4ba-43b6-ae33-fca9778e7fcf
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 2, "chroma:document": "sovereign state, animated by many  \nspirits, accountable to all. Conscious  \nof the responsibility that we bear to  future generations\u2014and of their role  \nin defending and regenerating this  \nConstitution\u2014we lay down maxims  crafted to promote civic harmony,  \nmutual tolerance, universal wellbeing,  \nand social and political freedom.\u00a0\nWe embody these ideas in democratic  \ngovernment, and enshrine them in a  \nsystem of law. And we empower each  citizen to reform this design, by"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: 491f8f61-cf20-412f-bf75-21943525db51
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 2, "chroma:document": "democratic process and political debate.  \nBy popular mandate, we establish this  Constitution:\n2\u00a0\n2  Below is the winning entry in the Committee\u2019s competition for the public to find a suggested preamble for \na future UK Constitution. It has been drafted by Richard Elliott. If you are inspired to do better, please send your own suggestion to pcrc@parliament.uk   To recognise every citizen as an equal \npartner in government\u2014at a local, \nregional, and national level."}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: dc8c4aae-2469-464c-ae79-55d9935fc295
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 2, "chroma:document": "regional, and national level.\u00a0\u00a0\n   To affirm that each citizen is entitled \nto fair and equitable treatment \nunder the law.\u00a0\n   To establish the principle of equality \nof opportunity for all citizens.\u00a0\n   To eradicate poverty and want throughout the nation.\u00a0\n   To protect and cultivate community identities within the four great \ncountries of the union: England, \nScotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.\u00a0\n   To preserve our common environment, and to hold it in  \ntrust for future generations."}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: 19d95869-3f37-4b0f-a052-f88fc59b3286
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 2, "chroma:document": "trust for future generations.\u00a0\n   To safeguard freedom of thought, \nconscience, and assembly; and to \nfacilitate peaceable dissent.\u00a0\n   And to protect these fundamental \nrights against the encroachment \nof tyranny and the abdication of \nreason."}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: 2349fc53-c90c-445f-9543-0a974ecdfbcf
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 3, "chroma:document": "4\nThrough this undertaking, we remind  \none another of the benefits and duties  \nof citizenship enshrined in membership  \nof the United Kingdom, challenging  ourselves to enact these principles  \nthroughout society.\u00a0\nLet our example stand as an inspiration  \nto the peoples of the world, and to their \nrulers and their governments.\u00a0\u00a0\nLet our principles animate our dedication \nto peace and justice in international  \naffairs.\u00a0\u00a0\nAnd let our united resolve grow ever-"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: a91ed249-d070-4116-b600-8f4e7b08934d
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 3, "chroma:document": "affairs.\u00a0\u00a0\nAnd let our united resolve grow ever- \nstronger under the enlightened auspices  of this Constitution.\n\u00a9 Baloo, Jantoo.com"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: 79ed39e5-4b8d-45d7-92cf-093d7613cede
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 4, "chroma:document": "5\nOUR DEMOCRATIC SETTLEMENT\nThe United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy.3 \nPossible alternative: \n The United Kingdom shall be a democracy where the people are \nsovereign. \nThere shall be a separation of powers guaranteeing an independent \nand elected executive and legislature, and an independent and impartial judiciary. \nThe United Kingdom shall operate as a Union of nations with \npower devolved to the lowest appropriate level. \nStatus:\nThe United Kingdom constitution is composed of the laws and rules"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: 913bcfae-9f7e-4414-9f1e-0187b118584c
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 4, "chroma:document": "that create the institutions of the state, regulate the relationships \nbetween those institutions, or regulate the relationship between the \nstate and the individual.\nThese laws and rules are not codified in a single, written document.\nConstitutional laws and rules have no special legal status.\nPossible alternative:\n The Constitution of the United Kingdom shall be the basic law \naccording to which the United Kingdom shall be governed. The"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: 50610c44-d0ee-46ce-8562-14f971e41dea
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 4, "chroma:document": "according to which the United Kingdom shall be governed. The \nConstitution shall have the highest legal status and all other laws \nand rules must be consistent with it.\n3  This provision, and subsequent provisions, are set out more fully in the blueprint written constitution \npublished in the Committee\u2019s Second Report, Session 2014-15, A new Magna Carta?, HC 463, p 285."}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: 9a8c2d19-92bd-4484-b531-dbee93a79d20
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 5, "chroma:document": "6\nAmendment:4\nConstitutional laws and rules may be enacted, amended or repealed \nby Parliament using its ordinary legislative procedures.\nPossible alternative:\n There shall be a Commission for Democracy, which shall keep \nunder review the operation of the Constitution.\n Amendments to the Constitution may be proposed by the \nCommission for Democracy, by the Government, or by either House of Parliament.\nThe Constitution may only be amended following approval by:"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: d1e204b9-7eac-4d50-8a2b-f67135faa592
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 5, "chroma:document": "The Constitution may only be amended following approval by:\n   Two-thirds of the members of both the First and Second \nChambers of Parliament, and\n  The majority of people voting in a referendum.\n4  A new Magna Carta? pp 354-356\nwww.CartoonStock.com"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: b5342a43-7981-447f-96cb-97b4b6bb67e9
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 6, "chroma:document": "7\nTHE HEAD OF STATE5\nThe Head of State of the United Kingdom is the  \nhereditary Monarch. \nPossible alternative:\n The Head of State of the United Kingdom shall be directly \nelected by the people.\nOR\n The Head of State shall be nominated and approved by both \nHouses of Parliament.\n The Head of State must be a British Citizen, and must be over 18 \nyears of age.\n The Head of State\u2019s term of office shall be [10] years, which may be \nrenewed once.\nPowers"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: c788fe6b-3aa7-460c-801c-bd71f28e1fc3
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 6, "chroma:document": "renewed once.\nPowers \nThe powers of the Head of State are formal, ceremonial and non-\npolitical, and include:\n    Granting assent to legislation approved by both Houses  \nof Parliament;\n   Appointing the Prime Minister;\n   Appointing Ministers of the Crown;\n   Granting honours and titles;\n    And any other powers as may be accorded to the Head  of State.\nThe Head of State must act with strict political neutrality. The Head of State exercises these powers on the advice of the Prime Minister."}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: e250f782-5dca-4ac5-8a7e-f7b30af9d773
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 6, "chroma:document": "5  A new Magna Carta? pp 285-287"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: bc9577d7-a9ea-41e6-8369-9ba9e4df38cc
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 7, "chroma:document": "8\nTHE EXECUTIVE6\nTHE PRIME MINISTER\nThe Prime Minister is the Head of the United Kingdom Government.\nThe Head of State appoints as Prime Minister the member of the House of \nCommons who can command the confidence of the House of Commons. \nThe Prime Minister remains in office until either:\n    Following a General Election, the Prime Minister is no longer  \nable to command the confidence of the House of Commons, or\n    The Government loses a vote of no confidence in the House"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: 48555136-38b9-41cf-9139-4cba35a239f9
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 7, "chroma:document": "The Government loses a vote of no confidence in the House \nof Commons and a replacement government cannot be found \nwithin 14 days, or\n   The Prime Minister resigns.\nPossible alternative: \n The Prime Minister shall be directly elected by the people  \n[in a two-round ballot]. \nOR\n The Prime Minister shall take office following nomination and \nconfirmation by the House of Commons.\nThe Prime Minister\u2019s term of office shall be 5 years, renewable.\nCABINET"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: 7a960614-0ec7-4246-a350-1542d55e3ca4
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 7, "chroma:document": "CABINET\nThe Cabinet consists of the Prime Minister and senior Ministers and is \nthe collective leadership of the United Kingdom Government.\nMinisters must be members of either House of Parliament and are \nappointed and dismissed by the Head of State, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister.\n6  A new Magna Carta? pp 290-302"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: 7af6764d-9b8e-42a8-831d-52fb9d9477d2
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 8, "chroma:document": "9\nThe maximum number of holders of ministerial office entitled to sit \nand vote in the House of Commons at any one time is ninety-five.\nPossible alternative:\n Ministers shall be appointed by the Prime Minister and hold  \noffice at his or her discretion.\nCabinet level appointments shall be ratified by Parliament.\n \nPowers of the Executive\nThe Executive exercises powers on the basis of an Act of Parliament, \nthe common law or convention.\nThe common law powers of the Executive include, but are not limited to:"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
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{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 8, "chroma:document": "Declaring war and committing troops to armed conflict;\n   Signing treaties and international agreements;\n   Granting passports;\n   Issuing pardons.\nThe Prime Minister and Minsters are responsible to Parliament for the \nexercise of these powers. \nPossible alternative:\n The powers of the Executive shall be listed in a Prime Ministerial \nPowers Act, which may only be amended by a majority of two-\nthirds of the members of each House of Parliament."}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
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created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
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{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 9, "chroma:document": "10\nTHE LEGISLATURE7\nPARLIAMENT\nThe United Kingdom Parliament has two chambers, the House of \nCommons and the House of Lords. \nThe United Kingdom Parliament may pass laws on any matter, without \nrestriction in law.\nPossible alternative:\n The United Kingdom Parliament shall have two chambers, the  \nFirst Chamber and the Second Chamber. \n Laws passed by the United Kingdom Parliament must comply  \nwith the provisions of the Constitution. Any laws that do not \ncomply with the Constitution shall be invalid."}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
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{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 9, "chroma:document": "comply with the Constitution shall be invalid.\n \n \nTHE HOUSE OF COMMONS\nThe House of Commons is the First Chamber of the United Kingdom \nParliament.\nMembership\nThe House of Commons has 650 directly elected members, known \nas Members of Parliament. Members are elected by simple majority system, also known as First Past the Post.\nPossible alternative:\n The First Chamber shall have [500] directly elected members, \nknown as Members of Parliament. Members shall be elected"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
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{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 9, "chroma:document": "known as Members of Parliament. Members shall be elected  \nby an electoral system agreed by the people in a referendum. \n7  A new Magna Carta? pp 303-313"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
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{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 10, "chroma:document": "11\nFunctions\nThe main functions of the House of Commons are:\n   To represent the peoples of the United Kingdom in all matters;\n   To hold the government to account;\n   To scrutinise and approve Bills as part of the legislative process;\n   To authorise taxation;\n    To scrutinise and approve the Government\u2019s budget and \nplanned expenditure on an annual basis;\n    To debate the public policies of and for the Government of the United Kingdom.\nPossible alternative:"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
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{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 10, "chroma:document": "Possible alternative:\nThe main functions of the First Chamber shall also include:\n   To confirm the appointment of the Prime Minister and other \nMinisters;\n  To act in accordance with the values of this constitution.\n \nThe role of a Member of Parliament includes, but is not limited to:\n   Participating in the work of the House of Commons;\n   Representing and furthering the interests of their constituency;\n    Representing individual constituents and taking up their \nproblems and grievances."}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
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created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
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{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 11, "chroma:document": "12\nIt is for each MP to decide how best to balance these tasks. \nTHE HOUSE OF LORDS\nThe House of Lords is the Second chamber of the United Kingdom \nParliament.\nMembership\nThe House of Lords is composed of Life Peers, 92 Hereditary Peers and 26 \nLords Spiritual.\nLife Peers are appointed for life by the Head of State on the advice of the \nPrime Minister. \nThe 92 Hereditary Peers hold office for life. When a vacancy arises, it is filled \nfollowing a by-election, governed by the standing orders of the House."}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
id: 51e273aa-5da4-4447-87fd-abe22d9c1315
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 11, "chroma:document": "The 26 Lords Spiritual include the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, \nthe Bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and 21 other Bishops \nof the Church of England according to seniority of appointment.\nMembers of the House of Lords may resign their membership.\nThere is no limit on the number of members of the House of Lords.\nPossible alternative 1:\n The Second Chamber shall be subordinate to the First Chamber.  \nIt shall have [500] voting members, directly elected to represent"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
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{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 11, "chroma:document": "in proportion the nations and regions of the United Kingdom.\n Members shall be elected for a period of [fifteen] years and  \n[shall/shall not] be re-elected\n The electoral system for elections to the Second Chamber and for \nvacancies shall be decided by each of the nations and regions of  \nthe United Kingdom."}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
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created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
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{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 12, "chroma:document": "Powers/Functions\nThe main functions of the House of Lords are:\n   To hold the government to account;\n    To scrutinise, amend and approve bills as part of the  \nlegislative process.\nThe House of Lords has no power to veto legislation approved by the House of Commons, save to veto any Bill which seeks to extend the life  \nof a Parliament beyond 5 years.\nPossible alternative:\n The primary function of the Second Chamber shall be to scrutinise \nand amend Bills approved by the First Chamber."}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
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{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 12, "chroma:document": "and amend Bills approved by the First Chamber.\n The Second Chamber shall pay special regard to Bills that would \nreform the Constitution. Such Bills must be approved by a majority \nof two-thirds of the members of the Second Chamber.\n The Second Chamber may also veto a Bill that has been approved \nby the First Chamber if the Bill is considered to be contrary to the \nindependence of other institutions including Local Government, \nhuman rights or any other provisions of the Constitution."}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
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created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
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{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 13, "chroma:document": "There are directly elected local authorities in \nall areas of the United Kingdom.\nLocal authorities are bound by Acts of \nParliament in respect of powers to raise \ntaxes, and to promote the economic, social and environmental well-being of \nthe areas that they represent. \nThe powers, funding and responsibilities \nof local authorities are determined by law.\n8  A new Magna Carta? pp 321-326 \nPossible alternative:\n The United Kingdom shall \noperate on the basis of the \nguiding joint principles of"}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
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created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
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{"source": "C:\\Users\\CLEME\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\gradio\\e187cf959030af5e080af543eab3bbc067465516\\The-UK-Constitution.pdf", "page": 13, "chroma:document": "The freedoms and duties \nof local government in \nEngland shall be defined \nin an Independent Local \nGovernment Act. Such an  Act may only be amended  \nwith the agreement of  \ntwo-thirds of the members  of each House of Parliament, \nand of the majority of people \nvoting in a referendum."}


created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
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created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
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created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
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created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
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created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
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created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
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created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
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created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
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created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
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created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
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created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
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created_at: 2024-04-18 05:56:32
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topic: persistent://default/default/a367f02f-f7f1-452f-9379-69414fd5a491
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1
POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL  
REFORM COMMITTEE  
THE UK CONSTITUTION
A summary, with options for reform  
MARCH 2015


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2
CHAIR’S FOREWORD
Parliament, through the Political and Constitutional Reform Select 
Committee of the House of Commons, has spent the full fixed five-
year term of the 2010 Parliament looking at the path to possible 
codification of the United Kingdom’s constitution. In a unique collaboration with a team from the Centre for Constitutional and Political Studies at King’s College London, led by Professor Robert 
Blackburn, we published ‘A new Magna Carta?’
1, a seminal and


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Blackburn, we published ‘A new Magna Carta?’
1, a seminal and 
comprehensive work offering three options for codification.   
We then embarked upon an  
unprecedented public consultation.  
While the responses to the consultation  
broadly favoured a written constitution,  they also raised many views and options  
on what should be its content. We make 
 no pretence that there is a consensus  view either among the public or the  
committee. Instead, we feel the debate  
and discussion should go on.


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and discussion should go on. 
Therefore what follows is a further draft of  
a much simplified, popular version. It  
contains – in black text – a brief description  
of our current constitutional arrangements  
and reference to the relevant sections of  
the third blueprint published in ‘A new  
Magna Carta?’ and – set out separately  
to facilitate comparisons – a number of  
options which emerged from the  
consultation. These options are illustrative  
and not exclusive. They are designed to


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and not exclusive. They are designed to  
initiate further discussion, and perhaps  
fierce argument, to inform the 2015
1  Second Report of the Political and Constitutional Reform Committee, Session 2014-15, A new Magna 
Carta?, HC 463 general election campaign and to continue 
to the end of the year of the 800th 
anniversary of Magna Carta, into a possible 
constitutional convention and beyond. 
A refreshed Parliament will collate your 
further ideas on a codified constitution


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further ideas on a codified constitution 
and, when our political leaders are ready, 
they will have a ready-crafted document and set of responses to help them to deliver 
to the British people - should they wish it - 
a codified constitution of their choice. 
Graham Allen MP 
Chair of the Political and Constitutional Reform Select Committee 
Send your response, comments and 
contributions on the debate to  
pcrc@parliament.uk, contribute 
to the debate on social media using


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to the debate on social media using 
#UKconstitution or complete our online 
survey at http://www.smartsurvey.
co.uk/s/150290KVDWR.


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3
PREAMBLE2
United, we stand in celebration  
of the diverse voices that  
make up the great chorus of  
our nation. Confident in our  individuality, and steadfast in  our shared values and common  
purpose, we—the citizens of the  
United Kingdom of Great Britain  and Northern Ireland—have  come together in the spirit of  
self-determination in order to  
establish the principles of our  law and governance.  
By this act, we create for ourselves a  
sovereign state, animated by many


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sovereign state, animated by many  
spirits, accountable to all. Conscious  
of the responsibility that we bear to  future generations—and of their role  
in defending and regenerating this  
Constitution—we lay down maxims  crafted to promote civic harmony,  
mutual tolerance, universal wellbeing,  
and social and political freedom. 
We embody these ideas in democratic  
government, and enshrine them in a  
system of law. And we empower each  citizen to reform this design, by


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democratic process and political debate.  
By popular mandate, we establish this  Constitution:
2 
2  Below is the winning entry in the Committee’s competition for the public to find a suggested preamble for 
a future UK Constitution. It has been drafted by Richard Elliott. If you are inspired to do better, please send your own suggestion to pcrc@parliament.uk   To recognise every citizen as an equal 
partner in government—at a local, 
regional, and national level.


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regional, and national level.  
   To affirm that each citizen is entitled 
to fair and equitable treatment 
under the law. 
   To establish the principle of equality 
of opportunity for all citizens. 
   To eradicate poverty and want throughout the nation. 
   To protect and cultivate community identities within the four great 
countries of the union: England, 
Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. 
   To preserve our common environment, and to hold it in  
trust for future generations.


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trust for future generations. 
   To safeguard freedom of thought, 
conscience, and assembly; and to 
facilitate peaceable dissent. 
   And to protect these fundamental 
rights against the encroachment 
of tyranny and the abdication of 
reason.


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4
Through this undertaking, we remind  
one another of the benefits and duties  
of citizenship enshrined in membership  
of the United Kingdom, challenging  ourselves to enact these principles  
throughout society. 
Let our example stand as an inspiration  
to the peoples of the world, and to their 
rulers and their governments.  
Let our principles animate our dedication 
to peace and justice in international  
affairs.  
And let our united resolve grow ever-


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affairs.  
And let our united resolve grow ever- 
stronger under the enlightened auspices  of this Constitution.
© Baloo, Jantoo.com


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5
OUR DEMOCRATIC SETTLEMENT
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy.3 
Possible alternative: 
 The United Kingdom shall be a democracy where the people are 
sovereign. 
There shall be a separation of powers guaranteeing an independent 
and elected executive and legislature, and an independent and impartial judiciary. 
The United Kingdom shall operate as a Union of nations with 
power devolved to the lowest appropriate level. 
Status:
The United Kingdom constitution is composed of the laws and rules


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that create the institutions of the state, regulate the relationships 
between those institutions, or regulate the relationship between the 
state and the individual.
These laws and rules are not codified in a single, written document.
Constitutional laws and rules have no special legal status.
Possible alternative:
 The Constitution of the United Kingdom shall be the basic law 
according to which the United Kingdom shall be governed. The


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according to which the United Kingdom shall be governed. The 
Constitution shall have the highest legal status and all other laws 
and rules must be consistent with it.
3  This provision, and subsequent provisions, are set out more fully in the blueprint written constitution 
published in the Committee’s Second Report, Session 2014-15, A new Magna Carta?, HC 463, p 285.


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6
Amendment:4
Constitutional laws and rules may be enacted, amended or repealed 
by Parliament using its ordinary legislative procedures.
Possible alternative:
 There shall be a Commission for Democracy, which shall keep 
under review the operation of the Constitution.
 Amendments to the Constitution may be proposed by the 
Commission for Democracy, by the Government, or by either House of Parliament.
The Constitution may only be amended following approval by:


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The Constitution may only be amended following approval by:
   Two-thirds of the members of both the First and Second 
Chambers of Parliament, and
  The majority of people voting in a referendum.
4  A new Magna Carta? pp 354-356
www.CartoonStock.com


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7
THE HEAD OF STATE5
The Head of State of the United Kingdom is the  
hereditary Monarch. 
Possible alternative:
 The Head of State of the United Kingdom shall be directly 
elected by the people.
OR
 The Head of State shall be nominated and approved by both 
Houses of Parliament.
 The Head of State must be a British Citizen, and must be over 18 
years of age.
 The Head of State’s term of office shall be [10] years, which may be 
renewed once.
Powers


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renewed once.
Powers 
The powers of the Head of State are formal, ceremonial and non-
political, and include:
    Granting assent to legislation approved by both Houses  
of Parliament;
   Appointing the Prime Minister;
   Appointing Ministers of the Crown;
   Granting honours and titles;
    And any other powers as may be accorded to the Head  of State.
The Head of State must act with strict political neutrality. The Head of State exercises these powers on the advice of the Prime Minister.


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8
THE EXECUTIVE6
THE PRIME MINISTER
The Prime Minister is the Head of the United Kingdom Government.
The Head of State appoints as Prime Minister the member of the House of 
Commons who can command the confidence of the House of Commons. 
The Prime Minister remains in office until either:
    Following a General Election, the Prime Minister is no longer  
able to command the confidence of the House of Commons, or
    The Government loses a vote of no confidence in the House


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The Government loses a vote of no confidence in the House 
of Commons and a replacement government cannot be found 
within 14 days, or
   The Prime Minister resigns.
Possible alternative: 
 The Prime Minister shall be directly elected by the people  
[in a two-round ballot]. 
OR
 The Prime Minister shall take office following nomination and 
confirmation by the House of Commons.
The Prime Minister’s term of office shall be 5 years, renewable.
CABINET


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CABINET
The Cabinet consists of the Prime Minister and senior Ministers and is 
the collective leadership of the United Kingdom Government.
Ministers must be members of either House of Parliament and are 
appointed and dismissed by the Head of State, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister.
6  A new Magna Carta? pp 290-302


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9
The maximum number of holders of ministerial office entitled to sit 
and vote in the House of Commons at any one time is ninety-five.
Possible alternative:
 Ministers shall be appointed by the Prime Minister and hold  
office at his or her discretion.
Cabinet level appointments shall be ratified by Parliament.
 
Powers of the Executive
The Executive exercises powers on the basis of an Act of Parliament, 
the common law or convention.
The common law powers of the Executive include, but are not limited to:


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Declaring war and committing troops to armed conflict;
   Signing treaties and international agreements;
   Granting passports;
   Issuing pardons.
The Prime Minister and Minsters are responsible to Parliament for the 
exercise of these powers. 
Possible alternative:
 The powers of the Executive shall be listed in a Prime Ministerial 
Powers Act, which may only be amended by a majority of two-
thirds of the members of each House of Parliament.


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thirds of the members of each House of Parliament. 
 The Act shall specify the Prime Minister’s duties in respect of 
all matters including war-making, treaty-making, and initiating 
legislative action for the public good. 
 The Prime Minister and Minsters shall be accountable to 
Parliament for the exercise of these powers.


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10
THE LEGISLATURE7
PARLIAMENT
The United Kingdom Parliament has two chambers, the House of 
Commons and the House of Lords. 
The United Kingdom Parliament may pass laws on any matter, without 
restriction in law.
Possible alternative:
 The United Kingdom Parliament shall have two chambers, the  
First Chamber and the Second Chamber. 
 Laws passed by the United Kingdom Parliament must comply  
with the provisions of the Constitution. Any laws that do not 
comply with the Constitution shall be invalid.


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comply with the Constitution shall be invalid.
 
 
THE HOUSE OF COMMONS
The House of Commons is the First Chamber of the United Kingdom 
Parliament.
Membership
The House of Commons has 650 directly elected members, known 
as Members of Parliament. Members are elected by simple majority system, also known as First Past the Post.
Possible alternative:
 The First Chamber shall have [500] directly elected members, 
known as Members of Parliament. Members shall be elected


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known as Members of Parliament. Members shall be elected  
by an electoral system agreed by the people in a referendum. 
7  A new Magna Carta? pp 303-313


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11
Functions
The main functions of the House of Commons are:
   To represent the peoples of the United Kingdom in all matters;
   To hold the government to account;
   To scrutinise and approve Bills as part of the legislative process;
   To authorise taxation;
    To scrutinise and approve the Government’s budget and 
planned expenditure on an annual basis;
    To debate the public policies of and for the Government of the United Kingdom.
Possible alternative:


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Possible alternative:
The main functions of the First Chamber shall also include:
   To confirm the appointment of the Prime Minister and other 
Ministers;
  To act in accordance with the values of this constitution.
 
The role of a Member of Parliament includes, but is not limited to:
   Participating in the work of the House of Commons;
   Representing and furthering the interests of their constituency;
    Representing individual constituents and taking up their 
problems and grievances.


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problems and grievances.  
Possible alternative:
    Making judgements balancing the interests of public, party  
and conscience free from influence or coercion.


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12
It is for each MP to decide how best to balance these tasks. 
THE HOUSE OF LORDS
The House of Lords is the Second chamber of the United Kingdom 
Parliament.
Membership
The House of Lords is composed of Life Peers, 92 Hereditary Peers and 26 
Lords Spiritual.
Life Peers are appointed for life by the Head of State on the advice of the 
Prime Minister. 
The 92 Hereditary Peers hold office for life. When a vacancy arises, it is filled 
following a by-election, governed by the standing orders of the House.


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The 26 Lords Spiritual include the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, 
the Bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and 21 other Bishops 
of the Church of England according to seniority of appointment.
Members of the House of Lords may resign their membership.
There is no limit on the number of members of the House of Lords.
Possible alternative 1:
 The Second Chamber shall be subordinate to the First Chamber.  
It shall have [500] voting members, directly elected to represent


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in proportion the nations and regions of the United Kingdom.
 Members shall be elected for a period of [fifteen] years and  
[shall/shall not] be re-elected
 The electoral system for elections to the Second Chamber and for 
vacancies shall be decided by each of the nations and regions of  
the United Kingdom.


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13
Possible alternative 2:
 The Second Chamber shall be a Chamber of Experts, with [350] 
members.
 Its members shall be appointed by the Head of State on the advice 
of an independent commission.
Members shall be appointed for a period of [fifteen] years.
 Members shall be appointed on the basis of recognised expertise in 
their field. Members may be members of a political party, but may 
not form party political groupings within the Second Chamber.
 
Powers/Functions


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Powers/Functions
The main functions of the House of Lords are:
   To hold the government to account;
    To scrutinise, amend and approve bills as part of the  
legislative process.
The House of Lords has no power to veto legislation approved by the House of Commons, save to veto any Bill which seeks to extend the life  
of a Parliament beyond 5 years.
Possible alternative:
 The primary function of the Second Chamber shall be to scrutinise 
and amend Bills approved by the First Chamber.


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and amend Bills approved by the First Chamber.
 The Second Chamber shall pay special regard to Bills that would 
reform the Constitution. Such Bills must be approved by a majority 
of two-thirds of the members of the Second Chamber.
 The Second Chamber may also veto a Bill that has been approved 
by the First Chamber if the Bill is considered to be contrary to the 
independence of other institutions including Local Government, 
human rights or any other provisions of the Constitution.


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14
DEVOLVED 
GOVERNMENT 
OF THE NATIONS, 
REGIONS AND 
LOCALITIES8
Devolved Government of Nations 
and Regions 
There are devolved parliaments and 
assemblies in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. There is an assembly  
in Greater London.
The powers and functions of these 
devolved parliaments and assemblies are 
determined by laws passed by Parliament.
These laws may be amended or repealed 
by Act of Parliament.
Local government
There are directly elected local authorities in


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There are directly elected local authorities in 
all areas of the United Kingdom.
Local authorities are bound by Acts of 
Parliament in respect of powers to raise 
taxes, and to promote the economic, social and environmental well-being of 
the areas that they represent. 
The powers, funding and responsibilities 
of local authorities are determined by law.
8  A new Magna Carta? pp 321-326 
Possible alternative:
 The United Kingdom shall 
operate on the basis of the 
guiding joint principles of


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operate on the basis of the 
guiding joint principles of 
union and devolution.
 Permanent devolved 
parliaments and assemblies in 
Scotland, Wales & Northern Ireland shall be established 
as parts of the Union, and 
they may make national 
constitutions which respect  
this federal Constitution. 
 Devolution in England shall 
be in the form of independent 
local government, to which 
shall be assigned a proportion 
of national income tax. 
 The freedoms and duties 
of local government in


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The freedoms and duties 
of local government in 
England shall be defined 
in an Independent Local 
Government Act. Such an  Act may only be amended  
with the agreement of  
two-thirds of the members  of each House of Parliament, 
and of the majority of people 
voting in a referendum.


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15
THE JUDICIARY9
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
The judiciary is independent and impartial. 
Ministers must uphold the principle of judicial independence.
There are separate courts systems in England and Wales, Scotland  
and Northern Ireland. The most senior court in the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom 
Supreme Court. The Supreme Court is the final court of appeal on all 
matters, except criminal appeals in Scotland.
Appointment of judges
Senior judges are appointed by the Head of State on ministerial advice.


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The procedures for selecting candidates for judicial office are set out in 
Acts of Parliament.
Appointment to judicial office must take place on the basis of merit.
When selecting candidates for judicial appointment, regard must  
be had for the need to promote diversity among the judiciary.
Functions
The primary functions of the judiciary are to:
 
  Uphold the rule of law and the rights of individuals;
   Adjudicate on any disputes that are brought before them, and;


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Maintain the administration of civil and criminal justice.
The judiciary is responsible for the development and application of the 
common law.
The judiciary must interpret and apply laws enacted by Parliament.
There is no power to strike down laws enacted by Parliament.
9  A new Magna Carta? pp 339-347


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16
Possible alternative:
 The judiciary shall have the power to strike down laws that are 
found to be inconsistent with the Constitution.
 OR 
 The judiciary shall have the power to issue a declaration of 
unconstitutionality in respect of a law that is found to be 
inconsistent with the Constitution.
© Baloo, Jantoo.com


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17
BILL OF RIGHTS10
The following rights, deriving from the European Convention on 
Human Rights and expressed in the Human Rights Act, are available 
without qualification to all persons within the United Kingdom:
   Everyone has the right to life;
    Everyone has the right to be free from torture, inhuman or 
degrading treatment;
    Everyone has the right to be free from slavery and forced labour;
    No-one may be found guilty of a criminal offence if their


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No-one may be found guilty of a criminal offence if their 
actions did not amount to a criminal offence under national  
or international law at the time of their commission.
The following rights, deriving from the European Convention on 
Human Rights and expressed in the Human Rights Act, which may 
be qualified by law are available to all persons within the United 
Kingdom:
    The right to liberty and freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention;
   The right to a fair trial;


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The right to a fair trial;
    The right to respect for private and family life, home and 
correspondence;
   The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion;
   The right to freedom of expression;
   The right to freedom of assembly and association;
   The right to marry and found a family;
   The right to peaceful possession of property;
   The right to education;
    The right to take part in free and fair elections, held at regular intervals.


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The enjoyment of these rights is secured without discrimination on  any grounds.
10  A new Magna Carta? pp 327-338


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18
Possible alternative 1:
 There shall be a Bill of Rights 
which sets out the rights to be protected and enforced within the 
United Kingdom.
Possible alternative 2:
 All persons shall be equal before 
the law and shall be entitled to the equal protection of the law, without 
discrimination.
Possible alternative 3:
 The rights of certain groups within 
society shall be given special regard, 
in particular the rights of:
  Children;
  Older people;
  People with disabilities. Possible alternative


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People with disabilities. Possible alternative 
(additionally):
 The following social and economic 
rights shall be available to all 
persons within the United 
Kingdom. These rights may not be enforced by the courts, but 
instead shall be principles to guide 
the work of the Governments 
and Parliaments of the United 
Kingdom and of the devolved 
assemblies:
   The right to an adequate standard 
of living, including adequate 
food, clothing and housing;
  The right to social security;


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food, clothing and housing;
  The right to social security;
   The right to receive adequate 
healthcare, free at the point of 
use;
   The right to work in an 
occupation freely entered into, in 
a safe environment;
   The right of workers to resort to 
collective action, including the 
right to strike.


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19
Status in law
The rights protected in the Human Rights Act apply as follows:
    It is unlawful for public authorities to act in a way that is 
inconsistent with the protected rights;
    As far as it is possible to do so, courts must interpret legislation so that it is consistent with the protected rights;
 
   Where a compatible interpretation is not possible, a declaration of that incompatibility may be made. Such a declaration does 
not affect the validity or application of that legislation.


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not affect the validity or application of that legislation.
Possible alternative:
 The rights protected in this [Constitution/Bill of Rights] shall 
have a special legal status.
 Any law which is not consistent with the protected rights shall 
be invalid.


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This publication reproduces the text of the 
Annex to the Seventh Report of the Political and 
Constitutional Reform Committee, Session 2014-15, 
Consultation on A new Magna Carta?, HC 599 .
Text © Parliamentary Copyright House of 
Commons 2015
Political and Constitutional Reform Committee
House of Commons
London SW1A 0AAThis summary, and the options for change, are 
intended to stimulate debate. What are your 
thoughts on our document ‘The UK Constitution’?


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thoughts on our document ‘The UK Constitution’? 
     Which of the options in the document, if any, do  
you support?
     Should the Prime Minister’s powers be set out in law?
     Should the second chamber [currently the House of 
Lords] be elected?
    Where should power be devolved to in England? 
Tell us what you think about these questions,  
and many others, by:
     Completing our online survey at  
http://www.smartsurvey.co.uk/s.
asp?i=150290KVDWR 
    Emailing your thoughts to pcrc@parliament.uk


